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Average forklift battery life varies by chemistry and usage, with lead-acid units delivering 5-7 years or 1,500-2,500 charge-discharge cycles, supporting 3,000-5,000-pound electrics at $1,500-$3,000 upfront. Optimal performance hinges on 8-hour slow charging at 80% depth, with equalizing every 5-10 cycles (2.5V/cell) preventing sulfation, though 50% deep discharges cut lifespan 20%, equating to 1,200 cycles. Lithium-ion batteries, priced $4,000-$6,000, extend 7-10 years or 3,000-5,000 cycles, offering 1-2 hour fast charges and 95% efficiency in -10°F to 120°F ranges. Opportunity charging, at 20-minute intervals, sustains 24/7 shifts, with battery management systems (BMS) limiting overvoltage to 4.2V, adding 15% longevity. Lead-acid requires $200 annual watering and $500 tray maintenance, while lithium’s sealed design cuts upkeep 30%, though thermal runaway risks necessitate $100 cooling upgrades. Cycle life drops 10% per 10°C above 40°C, per IEEE 1625, with 80% utilization maximizing 2,000-4,000-hour service. Resale value—20% for lead-acid, 40% for lithium after 5 years—guides $2,000-$6,000 replacement budgets, aligning with 90% uptime goals.